Which of the following is NOT a primary prevention example?

• A. Water fluoridation
• B. Brushing and flossing
• C. Radiographic exam
• D. Perinatal counseling

Answer: (C)

Primary prevention aims to stop disease from occurring in the first place by reducing risk factors or exposures. Water fluoridation lowers the risk of dental caries across a community, making it a classic primary prevention measure. Brushing and flossing remove plaque and reduce caries and periodontal disease risk, another straightforward primary prevention approach. Perinatal counseling provides information and guidance to prevent health problems for mother and baby, also fitting the idea of preventing disease before it starts. Radiographic exam, on the other hand, is used to detect existing disease or conditions, serving as a diagnostic tool that helps identify problems early. This makes it a form of secondary prevention rather than primary prevention.