Which of the following is a potential effect on the baby when the mother has pre-eclampsia?

• A. Fetal growth restriction
• B. Pre-term labor
• C. Fetal injury
• D. All of the above

Answer: (D)

Preeclampsia involves abnormal placental development and maternal blood vessel dysfunction that reduce blood flow to the fetus. This placental insufficiency can lead to fetal growth restriction because the baby receives less oxygen and nutrients needed for normal growth. Severe disease or concerns for safety often prompt earlier delivery, which raises the chance of preterm birth. Placental problems can also cause fetal distress or injury, and events like placental abruption can occur, putting the fetus at risk. Because each of these outcomes can arise in pregnancies affected by preeclampsia, all of the listed effects on the baby are possible.