Which combination is reported to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease?

• A. Tooth loss & gum disease
• B. Smoking & alcohol
• C. High salt intake
• D. Obesity

Answer: (A)

Chronic inflammation from gum disease and long-term oral health problems are linked to higher risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease. Gum disease creates a persistent inflammatory state, and bacteria from periodontal pockets can enter the bloodstream. This ongoing inflammation can affect the brain, promoting processes like amyloid buildup and tau changes that are characteristic of Alzheimer's. Tooth loss signals cumulative oral health issues and may reflect nutritional deficiencies or reduced social and cognitive engagement, all of which can lower cognitive reserve and increase vulnerability. While factors like smoking, alcohol use, high salt intake, and obesity are important for overall health and can influence dementia risk, the combination of tooth loss and gum disease has the strongest, repeatedly reported association with higher Alzheimer's risk in studies focused on oral health and cognitive outcomes. Maintaining good oral health may thus be part of supporting brain health.