A congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture, with lack of muscle control and involuntary movements; may affect walking and swallowing.

• A. Cerebral palsy
• B. Parkinson's disease
• C. Multiple sclerosis
• D. Spina bifida

Answer: (A)

A congenital, non-progressive motor disorder that affects movement and posture is cerebral palsy. This condition arises from brain development problems before or around birth, leading to abnormal muscle tone and coordination. Because the brain’s control over muscles is altered, individuals may have stiff or tight muscles (spasticity), involuntary movements, and difficulties with balance and walking. Oral motor control can also be affected, which may impact swallowing. The key point is that the issue is present from birth or early infancy and does not progressively worsen over time, even though the manifestation of symptoms can change as a child grows.

Parkinson’s disease is typically an adult-onset degenerative disorder with tremor, rigidity, and slowed movement, not present congenitally. Multiple sclerosis involves autoimmune demyelination usually later in life with episodes of neurological deficits, not a congenital pattern. Spina bifida is a birth defect of the spine that can cause mobility issues, but the classic description here—congenital movement and posture problems with infrequent involuntary movements—most closely fits cerebral palsy.